I think if it's a gig that netted you less than 100usd to begin with, you're better off cutting your losses and chalking it up to a learning experience. You'll find plenty of artists saying that even though someone commissioned your services, you still own the product post-transaction, or that you get to choose whatever Creative Commons your work is under after you've already sold it, but I've yet to find a legal system that agrees.
Really the only surefire legal protection you have without putting it under the proper CC and having them sign some Activision-style End User License Agreement is from someone claiming they made the art themselves. There's a CC for Attribution, but most legal systems have laws that precede CC when it comes to fraudulent claims of manufacture origin. But even then, you're talking about an exhaustive process that will cost you more time than even the upsold piece is worth, and you're not going to get damages for it.
Your options in the future boil down to making people agree in writing that they don't actually own the thing they bought from you. It's your labor, sell it on whatever terms you want, but don't be surprised if clients say that that doesn't sound like a fair deal to them.