two examples are:
someone who fights the odds and actually has a chance.
someone who faces their own fears is courageous.
someone who would risk their life for a cause is courageous.
foolhardiness however, is someone who fights, but knows he stands no chance what so ever, and yet still continues to do so.
foolhardiness is trying to take down parliament..... look at where that got Guy Fawkes...
just remember however, that courage and foolishness mean different things to everyone.
(none of the above are fact, except that last part)