The questions:
(1) What happens to the consciousness of a person who dies?
Your soul leaves (or consciousness) leaves the body, and if you cling to the materialistic world ou become earthbound (a "ghost") until you let go of the materialistic realm, once you leave the earthbound realm (or borderland) you, depending on your flaws, reincarnate to learn of your flaws, enter a heavenly realm, enter hell (which isn't the horrible place it is depicted, all it is, is a place where you learn the errors of your ways the hard way, (If god was all powerful why would he let the devil exist), or sent to a midland where you learn of your flaws with others like you.
Don't fear death, for it is only a doorway in to another realm, like birth is to the physical realm, there fore life and death are but one in the same, and you do live forever, spiritually, not physically. Therefore there is no death, only life. we are already in the after life.
(2) What should the goal be for all beings?
Well who the hell am I to set a goal for everyone else? the point physical life is to defeat the "devil", the devil being the negative, self centered, animistic nature of mankind, to do good works, and stand for whats right, but only you can make your goals.
(3) Where did the Universe come from?
The big bang.